Mirror neurons are thought to be the seat of empathy in the brain. The mirror neuron system can explain how students connect to and are connected by their interactions with objects of art as well as with their patients. Mirror neurons are cells that fire when we are performing an action and even when we are observing an action in motion. These cells are located in the premotor cortex, a part of the brain involved in planning and executing movements. This system is involved in understanding the action of others – observing an action triggers the mirror neuron system to generate a motor representation of it, which corresponds to the activity produced by the action itself. In addition, through this system, we learn to perform an action by observing others. In this sense, visual information is transformed into a motor pattern in the brain. The mirror system is thought to help us understand the actions of others, and thus may play a role empathy, self-awareness, and social cognition.
Premotor cortex in red. Source: Wikimedia/Creative Commons.
How does this relate to art? Art theorists have reported on body engagement that is felt by way of simulating action and/or emotions when viewing works of art. Even as early as 1886, scientists were speculating on ways in which observation of specific forms engage the viewer’s bodily responses. When viewing a work of art, the viewer is engaging with the work through a non-conscious process, possibly facilitated by the mirror neuron system. Artworks likely to produce these bodily, emotional responses are those that include tactile imagery, represent gestures, and are expressive. Likewise, when artwork evokes prolonged confusion or hostile emotions, an empathetic response may be hindered. Think about your emotions and your bodily state the next time you are viewing artwork – are you accessing the mirror neurons and feeling empathetic?
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